Using low-frequency “ultrasonic” acoustic sound waves and air pressure, called acoustic cavitation, TED drives topical hair growth treatments deep into the skin. The use of sound waves to increase the amount of penetration achieved with topical treatments is called sonophoresis or phonophoresis.   The “stratum corneum,” or the outermost layer of the epidermis, is made up of dead cells and lipids. These form the primary barrier between the body and the surrounding environment. The stratum corneum blocks the penetration of large molecules and moisture with its “brick and mortar” type of structure.  The cells can be thought of as bricks, called the corneocytes. The mortar, or lipids, holds these cells together, creating the barrier.

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Ultrasonic sound waves set at a very specific vibration cause the very small, transient gaseous bubbles in the stratum corneum to expand and collapse at a rapid rate. This helps break down the brick and mortar wall. The lipids are dispersed, temporarily increasing the ability to penetrate. At the same time, the mechanical pressure caused by the sound waves achieves a push and pull effect–this facilitates the ability to deliver topical compounds through the stratum corneum layer.

This is how TED increases the penetration of topical hair growth treatments through the scalp and into the lower layer of skin. More of the active ingredients reach the hair follicles below, achieving more significant results.